Arvand Rud

Arvand Rud

Arvand Rud

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Arvand is the ancient name of a river that originates from the Taurus Mountains in the ancient Armenia and current Turkey and flows into the Persian Gulf. The river accelerates on its path through joining the Great Zab, the Little Zab, Karoun and Karkheh, joins Tigris-Euphrates inside the borders of Iran and Iraq, pass through Abadan and Khorramshahr and spreads over the co-border areas of Iran and Iraq.

Arvand is 175 Kilometers long among which 84 kilometers is flowing in the borders of these two countries. The width of Arvand Rud is 1000 meters in its widest part and it reaches 45 meters in its deepest part. The outfalls of Arvand in Iran and Iraq are several port such as Khorramshahr, Abadan, Khosrow Abad, Basrah, Abu Al-Khaseeb and Al-Faw that are located along the Persian Gulf.

Arvand word was used in Avesta for worshipping some of Iranian goddesses and was equal to the word Tond in the Persian language. At the same time that names like Sweet Sea, Shatt al-Arab and other names were used in documents of the Middle Age, Shahnameh considered it to be Arvand.

Arvand or Tond in the ancient Persian language was presented by the word Tigir. Tigir river that is seen in the Elamite and Anceint Persian rock relief of Behistun by Achaemenid Darius I is in fact the same Tigris in the current Iraq. The great capital of Sassanid empire was established in the coasts of this great river. Also, the name of Khosrow II’s son is also Arvand.

There are many stories around this great river; the passage of the great armies and navies of the world, enemies’ and friends’ campaigns, building cities by great empires, etc. Many products like iron, copper, grape juice, sugar cane, salt, Shushtar’s Diba, Mishan’s date and lead were exported from the Mishan and Sassanid Empires to Rome, Africa and India and the precious fabrics, cloths, perfume, ivory, steel, spices and shell imported from India and China.

In the Middle Age, this river saw the slave rebellion led by Sahib al-Zanj and Qarmatiyah, Bridian rule of Khuzestan, the passage of Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani in the fifth century AH, the reign of the Great Atabegan-e Lor in the late of seventh century AH after the attack of Hulagu to Baghdad, Ilkhanate empire in the eighth century.  

In addition, interesting among the modern circumstances around Arvand Rud are the passage of the first steam boat in 1826 AD, Lynch brothers English shipping line that passed in 1887 through Karoun and Arvand ports, fining oil and the need for its transportation in 1909 AD, the World War I and losing the Iran’s right in Arvand Rud following the 1937 contract, the World War II, the British Maurice Navy’s attempt to provide security in 1951 and Iran-Iraq war.


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